In 1863, when Congress established a prepaid rate of two cents for drop letters, this stamp, picturing our 7th President, was put into use. Nicknamed “Black Jack,” this stamp is one of the most popular U.S. issues. The design is unusual in that a full face portrait takes up all but a small portion of the stamp. For this reason, collectors also refer to it as “Big Head.” Interestingly, the 1863 Confederate 2¢ stamp uses the same portrait, which is attributed to a painting by Miner Kilbourne Kellogg. The Series of 1861-66 In 1861, the United States began printing paper notes to finance its Civil War operations. Since the back of the notes were printed in green, they were commonly referred to as “greenbacks.” At first, the notes were redeemable in coins, but as the war raged on, they became merely promises of the U.S. government to pay. Since the notes had no metal money behind them as security, people began to hoard their gold and silver coins. By 1862, greenbacks were being used more frequently, as coins disappeared from circulation. Eventually, small change vanished completely, and greenbacks were the only currency being used. Since much of what people needed cost less than a dollar, they found themselves faced with an unusual dilemma: how to pay for things without using their precious coins. Soon people were buying a dollar’s worth of stamps and using them as change instead. As stamps became an accepted form of currency, several new ideas developed. In 1862, John Gault patented the idea of encasing postage stamps in circular metal frames behind a transparent shield of mica. Stores and manufacturing companies such as Ayer’s Pills, Burnett’s Cooking Extracts, and Lord & Taylor began impressing their name and product on the back of the metal frame and began using them for advertising. Known as encased postage, this form of change was widely used during the war.